[active_job] patch retry_job to report all errors during retries

[solnic]

Once Rails 8.0.3 (or 8.1? not sure what's next) is released, we'll have to follow-up and add an ActiveSupport error subscriber instead of patching retry_job.

⚠️ this will increase error reporting rates - we may consider setting active_job_report_after_job_retries to true by default

Closes #2573

[solnic]

Danger is still not seeing my changelog entry :(

[github-actions]

	Fails
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- [active_job] patch retry_job to report all errors during retries ([#2598](https://github.com./getsentry/sentry-ruby/pull/2598))

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